Surgical probe apparatus and system and method of use thereof

ABSTRACT

In the field of radioimmunoguided surgical system instrumentation there is described and claimed a hand-held probe with a disposable power source as well as a visually perceptible indicator of detected counts of radiation. Also disclosed is a system comprising the hand-held probe and an instrumentation console. The handle includes a probe link that transmits a message containing gamma data relating to the low-level electrical signal. The instrumentation console may include a housing, a console link to receive the message transmitted by the probe link, a receiver electrically coupled to the console link to convert the message to corresponding electrical display signals, and a visually perceivable display electrically coupled to the receiver to convert the electrical display signals to a visually perceivable display relating to the amount of radiation detected.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present Application for Patent claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/247,082 entitled “SURGICAL PROBE APPARATUS AND SYSTEMAND METHOD OF USE THEREOF” filed Oct. 27, 2015, which is assigned to theassignee hereof, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to radioimmunoguided surgicalsystem instrumentation, in particular to a probe for use with such asystem.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Procedures for the treatment of cancer generally have been based uponthe natural history of tumor spread, and thence, upon operative andnon-operative options available to the physician. Operative optionsgenerally have looked to the physical identification and surgicalresection of tumor(s). A variety of techniques have been brought to bearin the art with the purpose of aiding the surgeon in detecting andlocalizing neoplastic tissue as part of this surgical procedure.(“Neoplastic tissue,” for the present purposes, often is referred to ascancerous tissue, though malignant tumor and malignant tumor cells alsoare found in the terminology of the art. The term “neoplastic tissue”includes all of these.) Typically, large tumor(s) are readily located bythe surgeon by visualization at the operating theater, and, inparticular, through palpation, i.e., the feel of a tumor as opposed tothat of normal tissue. To achieve operative success, however, it isnecessary for the surgeon to somehow locate “occult” tumor(s), i.e.,tumor(s) that cannot be located by the conventional surgical proceduresof sight and feel. Failure to locate and remove such occult tumor(s)generally will result in the continued growth of cancer in the patient,a condition often referred to as “recurrent” cancer.

A much improved method for locating, differentiating, and removingneoplasms uses a radiolabeled antibody injected into the patient. Onceinjected, such antibodies are known to accumulate in neoplastic tissuesat a higher concentration than in normal tissue. A portable radiationdetection probe is employed by a surgeon intraoperatively in order todetect sites of radioactivity. Because of the proximity of the detectionprobe to the labeled antibody, the faint radiation emanating from occultsites becomes detectable, for example, in part because of the inherentapplication of the approximate inverse square law of radiationpropagation. The procedure is known as radioimmunoguided surgery.

It is generally also thought that the spread of certain types of solidtumor cancers is caused by the migration (or draining) of tumor cellsfrom the initial tumor to nearby lymph nodes and eventually to othervital sites via the lymphatic system. Cancer surgeons and medicaloncologists believe the determination of whether a patient's primarytumor has spread to the lymph nodes is a major determinant of apatient's long-term prognosis. The spread of cancer to the patient'slymph nodes is established by the examination of the nodes by pathologyto determine if tumor cells are present. If tumor cells are determinedto be present in the lymph nodes, the patient's stage or severity ofdisease is increased. Surgeons perform procedures to identify thedraining node(s) through the injection of a radioactive tracing agent atthe site of the primary tumor. Following injection, the tracing agentfollows the drainage path of the tumor to the nearest lymph node ornodes, referred to as the “sentinel node(s).” A gamma detection deviceis used to detect the path of the tracing agent. Since the lymph nodesare connected, oncologists believe that if the sentinel nodes show nosign of malignancy, then the downstream nodes in the pathway are likelyto be clear of disease. As such, the removal of other nearby lymph nodeswould be clinically unnecessary. Therefore, the ability to rapidlylocate and biopsy sentinel nodes provides vital information to thephysician in determining if the cancer has spread or if it is localizedto the site of the primary tumor.

Recent technologies now allow the surgeon, via a combination of bothisotopically labeled drugs and hand-held radiation detection devices, toprovide enhanced surgical evaluation of tumor dissemination, e.g.,removal of primary tumor-associated lymph nodes. Such surgical radiationdetection instrumentation is comprised generally of a hand-held probethat is in electrical communication with a control console via aflexible cable or, more recently, via wireless communication. Thiscontrol console is located within the operating room facility but out ofthe sterile field, while the hand-held probe and forward portions of itsassociated cable are located within that field. The hand-held radiationdetecting probe is relatively small and performs in conjunction with asemiconductor detector such as cadmium zinc tellurium or a scintillatingmaterial such as or cesium iodide. Example instrumentation may be foundin U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,840 and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2009/0326371, thedisclosure of each of which is expressly incorporated by reference inits entirety herein.

A commercially available system and equipment to perform this radiationdetection during surgery is the “Neoprobe Gamma Detection System”,available from Devicor Medical Products, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Seehttp://www.mammotome.com/neoprobe/.

Radioactive sources have been detected directly at whatever energylevels the source of radiation is producing by using detectors comprisedof semiconductor (e.g., cadmium-zinc-tellurium) or scintillating (e.g.,cesium iodide) materials. An output signal is produced when an incomingphoton collides with material within the detector. The higher the energylevel of the primary source of radiation, the more incoming photons canpass completely through the detector without colliding with anymaterial, thus producing no output from the detector. For this reason,high energy detectors have necessarily been made of relatively “thick”(i.e., large cross-section volume) and dense materials to assure that asufficient number of collisions occur to provide usable detectorsensitivity. This characteristic of the detector is often referred to as“stopping power” or “absorption efficiency.”

In order to more efficiently detect high-energy radiation, it is usuallynecessary to increase the detector absorption by increasing thethickness of the detector crystal. Alternatively, a stacked crystalarray having the absorption efficiency of a relatively thick monolithiccrystal that may be biased with a relatively low voltage may be used. Astacked crystal array is described in U.S. Issued U.S. Pat. No.8,269,185, “STACKED CRYSTAL ARRAY FOR DETECTION OF PHOTON EMISSIONS”,issued 18 Sep. 2012, which is hereby expressly incorporated by referencein its entirety herein.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,876, “SCANNING A RADIATION SOURCE WITH A COUNT RATEOUTPUT DERIVED WITH A DYNAMIC WINDOW ANALYSIS”, issued 7 Nov. 2000. Thispatent describes and claims a system in which count rate outputs of aprobe-based radiation detection system are stabilized through theutilization of a dynamic window-based count analysis. Circular memory isutilized to record a sequence of segment count values. These values thenare accessed and updated with respect to short scan intervals. Thememory segments then are employed to develop a count sum over a countcollection interval. That count sum is employed with algorithmsadjusting the upper and lower edges of the dynamic window. A reportedmean value, computed from the window upper edge or window lower edge, isutilized for creating a variable pitch output or for driving a bargraph. Background count and target count intervals are adjustedutilizing a data point predictive technique in combination with upperand lower time bounds.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,191,422, “RADIATION PROBE WITH COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORCRYSTAL PERFORMING IN A TRAPPING-DEPENDENT OPERATIONAL MODE” issued on20 Feb. 2001. This patent describes and claims a hand-held radiationprobe {which is configured} having a crystal thickness as well as a biasgenerated electrical field which have values to cause the semiconductorcrystal to operate in a trapping-dependent operational mode wherein atrapping of substantially all carriers generated by radiation impingingupon the crystal forward face are trapped. The bias level voltage isselected to achieve adequate photopeak heights and to permit thewindowing out of lower energy Compton scattering and other noisephenomena.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,669, “SURGICAL PROBE APPARATUS”, issued on 17 Apr.2001. This patent describes and claims a surgical probe apparatus whichincorporates a probe structure with a handle component and forwardcrystal mount wherein a cadmium-telluride crystal is rigidly mountedagainst movement. A cup-shaped window assembly is provided having aninternal cylindrical tungsten shield which extends forwardly from thefront face of the crystal to define an air gap as well as to support analuminum window. The window assembly is threadably mounted upon thehandle at a transition region forming an outwardly extending ramp. Thisramp is used in conjunction with a polymeric retainer component withlegs containing dog structures which hold a cylindrical tungstencollimator in biased position against the window when attached.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,259,095, “SYSTEM AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING ANDLOCATING SOURCES OF RADIATION” issued on 10 Jul. 2001. This patentdescribes and claims a system and apparatus for locating sources ofradiation emanating from predetermined radionuclides. The apparatusincorporates a large window display utilizing icon imagery to identifycounting functions such as target count and background. A variety ofradionuclide modes of operation can be selected by the operator and thesystem automatically defaults to detector bias selection and windowreference voltage selection in correspondence with the electedradionuclide. A bar graph readout apprises the user of the amount oftime or count level remaining in a target or background procedure andthe flashing of icon identifiers occurs during such procedures. Pulsevalidation is improved by the utilization of a discriminator whichevaluates pulse width.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,272,373, “SCANNING SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR LOCATINGSOURCES OF RADIATION EMISSION”, issued 7 Aug. 2001. This patentdescribes and claims a scanning system for a hand-held probe employing a50 ms scanning interval in conjunction with circular memory.Combinations of segment bins from the circular memory are acquiredfollowing each short scanning interval. A threshold is computed for eachcombination initially based upon a threshold factor which isstatistically significant and has a value of three. Audible cueing isdeveloped if any three of six of these combinations of segment bin scancounts exceeds a correspondingly computed threshold value. Thereafter,the threshold factor is diminished to a value of one and the samethresholding tests are carried out to maintain audible cueing. Runningcount rates are computed as the average of the entire circular buffermemory divided by its corresponding total collection time. Thiscomputation is provided on a one half second updated basis.

All of the above issued US Patents are expressly incorporated byreference in their entirety herein.

The above-described systems can be burdensome because the entire probeunit (including detector and handle), must be sterilized between everyuse. Furthermore, the entire probe unit must be replaced or sent forrepair if a malfunction occurs in any part. Thus, there is a need in theart for a probe that avoids these problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The first aspect of the instant claimed invention is a hand-held probeincluding:

a detector having a first mating component and being configured togenerate a low-level electrical signal relating to a radiation sourceproximate the detector; and

a handle comprising a second mating component configured to removablymate with the first mating component such that the handle is removablycoupleable with the detector.

The second aspect of the instant claimed invention is a system,comprising:

a hand-held probe including: a detector having a first mating componentand being configured to generate a low-level electrical signal relatingto a radiation source proximate the detector; and a handle comprising: asecond mating component configured to removably mate with the firstmating component such that the handle is removably connectable with thedetector;

a probe link configured to transmit a message containing gamma datarelating to the low-level electrical signal; and an instrumentationconsole including: a housing; a console link within the housing andconfigured to receive the message transmitted by the probe link; areceiver electrically coupled to the console link to convert the messageto corresponding electrical display signals, and a visually perceivabledisplay electrically coupled to the receiver to convert the electricaldisplay signals to a visually perceivable display relating to the amountof radiation detected.

The third aspect of the instant claimed invention is a method ofconducting radioimmunoguided surgery comprising:

providing a detector having a first mating component and beingconfigured to generate a low-level electrical signal relating to aradiation source proximate the detector; providing a handle comprising asecond mating component configured to removably mate with the firstmating component such that the handle is removably connectable with thedetector; and coupling the detector with the handle by mating the firstmating component with the second mating component.

Additional advantages and novel features of various aspects of thepresent invention will be set forth in part in the description thatfollows, and in part will become more apparent to those skilled in theart upon examination of the following or upon learning by practicethereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a side view of an example probe in accordance with aspects ofthe present invention;

FIG. 2 is an exploded side view of the probe of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the probe of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a side view of the probe of FIG. 1 in a pivoted orientation;

FIG. 5 is a side view of a side view of anther example probe inaccordance with other aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a side view of another example probe in accordance with otheraspects of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of another example probe in accordance withother aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 8 shows an example instrumentation console having a graphical userinterface in accordance with other aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 9 shows presents an example system diagram of various hardwarecomponents and other features, for use in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention; and

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of various example system components, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description of certain examples of the invention shouldnot be used to limit the scope of the present invention. Other examples,features, aspects, embodiments, advantages, and one of the best modescontemplated for carrying out of the invention will become apparent tothose skilled in the art from the following description, which is by wayof illustration only, and in no way designed to limit the scope of thepresent invention. As will be realized, the present invention is capableof other different and obvious aspects, all without departing from thescope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings anddescriptions should be regarded as illustrative in nature and notrestrictive.

In an aspect of the present invention a hand-held probe comprises adetector having a first mating component and being configured togenerate a low-level electrical signal relating to a radiation sourceproximate the detector; and a handle comprising a second matingcomponent configured to removably mate with the first mating componentsuch that the handle is removably coupleable with the detector.

Other aspects may include a system, comprising a hand-held probe and aninstrumentation console. The hand-held probe may include a detectorhaving a first mating component and being configured to generate alow-level electrical signal relating to a radiation source proximate thedetector and a handle. The handle may comprise a second mating componentconfigured to removably mate with the first mating component such thatthe handle may be removably connectable with the detector; and a probelink configured to transmit a message containing gamma data relating tothe low-level electrical signal. The instrumentation console may includea housing, a console link within the housing configured to receive themessage transmitted by the probe link, a receiver electrically coupledto the console link to convert the message to corresponding electricaldisplay signals, and a visually perceivable display electrically coupledto the receiver to convert the electrical display signals to visuallyperceivable signals relating to the amount of radiation detected.

Other aspects include a method comprising providing a detector having afirst mating component and being configured to generate a low-levelelectrical signal relating to a radiation source proximate the detector,providing a handle comprising a second mating component configured toremovably mate with the first mating component such that the handle isremovably connectable with the detector, and coupling the detector withthe handle by mating the first mating component with the second matingcomponent.

Parts List Part Names Number probe 100 handle 102 detector 104 sheath106 first mating component 108 end 110 free end 112 projection 114electrical contact 115 slots 116 protrusions 118 body 120 body 122 freeend 124 opposing end 126 second mating component 128 projection 130 slot132 flange 133 protuberances 134 light ring 135 light emitter 136 powerswitch 137 switch 138 pivot point 140 body 142 channel 144 end 146 openfirst end 148 open second end 150 lip 152 probe 200 detector 204opposing end 210 free end 212 elongated body 220 longer light emitter236 probe 300 detector 304 opposing end 310 free end 312 elongated body320 probe 400 handle 402 detector 404 sheath 406 first mating component408 opposing end 410 free end 412 flange 414 ribs 416 electricalconnection component 418 elongated body 420 body 422 free end 424opposing end 426 second mating component 428 light emitter 436power/wireless pairing button 437 light button 438 body 442 sleeve 444open first end 448 opposing open second end 450 lip 452 console 500graphical user interface 501 probe indicator 502 selectable dynamicpitch range indicator 504 numerical measure count 506 numerical targetcount 508 graphical representation 510 user selectable volume range 512computer system 900 display interface 902 processor 904 communicationinfrastructure 906 main memory 908 secondary memory 910 hard disk drive912 removable storage drive 914 removable storage unit 918communications interface 920 removable storage unit 922 communicationsinterface 924 path 926 signals 928 display unit 930 hard disk drive 970removable storage drive 980 communication system 1000 terminals 1042server 1043 network 1044 couplings 1045 couplings 1046 accessors 1060accessors 1062 couplings 1064 terminals 1066

FIG. 1 shows a side view of an example probe 100 in accordance withaspects of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows an exploded side view ofthe probe 100. FIG. 3 shows an exploded perspective view of the probe100. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the probe 100 may generally include ahandle 102, a detector 104, and in some aspects, a sheath 106.

The detector 104 may be configured to generate a low-level electricalsignal relating to a radiation source proximate to the detector, e.g.,the detector may be a radiation detector. The detector 104 may comprisecadmium zinc telluride or any other semiconductor material suitable fordetecting photon radiation. More broadly, detector 104 may include anysuitable type of crystal that is responsive to gamma radiation emittedby radiolabeled antibodies. For example, detector 104 may comprisecadmium-telluride crystals with or without an alloy, for example, analloy with zinc. Such alloys for the present description may generallyand interchangeably be referred to as “Cadmium-telluride” or “CdTe” and“Cadmium zinc telluride” or “CZT.” Details of exemplary CZT crystals maybe found in U.S. Pat. Nos., 5,441,050, 5,495,111, 6,191,422 and6,218,669 the entire contents of which are hereby expressly incorporatedby reference herein. Another example CZT crystal can be found in U.S.Pat. No. 8,269,185, “STACKED CRYSTAL ARRAY FOR DETECTION OF PHOTONEMISSIONS”, issued 18 Sep. 2012. The entire contents of U.S. Pat. No.8,269,185 are hereby expressly incorporated herein, referring inparticular to the discussion of the plurality of crystal slices, thepair of crystal interconnects, the pair of insulators, and the housing.Alternatively, the detector 104 may be a scintillating device. Thescintillating device may be any type of particle or radiation detector,now known or later developed, for detecting and counting scintillationsproduced by ionizing radiation, including but not limited to, cesiumiodide. For example, the detector 104, configured as a scintillatingdevice, may operate through emission of light flashes that are detectedby a photosensitive device, such as a photomultiplier or a silicon PINdiode.

The detector 104 may generally include an elongated body 120 having afree end 112 and an opposing end 110 for connecting to the handle 102.The crystal slices and other components as described in U.S. Pat. No.8,269,185 would be located within the body 120 at the free end 112 ofthe detector 104. The detector 104 may include a first mating component108, which is best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3. The first mating component 108may be configured to mate with a second mating component 128 of thehandle 102, discussed below. The first mating component 108 may belocated at the end 110 of the detector opposite the free end 112. Thefirst mating component 108 may be configured to have a structure thatmates with the mating component 128 of the handle 102 and may provideboth structural support and an electrical connection. For example, thefirst mating component 108 may include a projection 114 having a slots116 terminating in protrusions 118. As seen by comparing FIG. 2 and FIG.3, a slot 116 and a protrusion 118 may be located on each side of theprojection 114. The projection 114, slot 116, and projections 118together may mate with corresponding features of the handle to providephysical support and an electrical connection. The first matingcomponent 108 may further include an electrical contact 115 on an endface of the projection 114.

The handle 102 may be sized and shaped for gripping by a human hand,e.g., a medical practitioner. Thus, the probe 100 may be hand-held. Thehandle 102 may generally comprise a body 122 having a free end 124 andan opposing end 126 for connecting to the detector 104. The handle 102may generally include the electrical and computer components of thesystem to provide power to the detector 104 and communicate with aninstrumentation console. For example, the handle 102 may include withina single body 122, a power source (e.g., a disposable or rechargeablebattery, preferably disposable), a preamplifier, a controller, a probedata link, and photo-electronics. Preferably, the probe data link may bea wireless data link. Each of these components is described in U.S. Pat.App. Pub. No. 2009/0326371, which is hereby expressly incorporated byreference herein.

The amplifier receives and amplifies the low-level electrical signalgenerated by detector 104 to a corresponding output electrical signal ofgreater magnitude (i.e., voltage and current). The preamplifier may alsosupply an electrical bias voltage to detector 104 to effect chargemigration in the detector 104 when it is exposed to gamma radiation.Details of example preamplifiers may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,204,505 and 6,222,193 each of which is hereby expressly incorporatedby reference herein. The controller may receive the output electricalsignal from the preamplifier and may analyze the output electricalsignal to derive gamma data corresponding to the amount of gamma energydetected by the detector 104. In some embodiments, the gamma data may bein the form of “counts,” relating to the number of detected photonradiation impingements. Further details may be found in U.S. Pat. No.4,889,991, hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. Thecontroller may also be configured with a control switch to allow a userof the probe to set predetermined operating parameters of the probeincluding, without limitation, a real-time radiation target count and atime-interval accumulated count, and calibration/test. Parameters may beselected by actuating a control switch for a predetermined period oftime, or by actuating the control switch a predetermined number of timeswithin a predetermined period of time.

The controller may be a digital microprocessor-based control unitconfigured to operate according to a predetermined control logic toprovide control signals for controlling the operation of the probe.Alternatively, the controller may comprise other types of digital-basedarchitectures utilizing, for example, a computer, microcontroller,programmable logic device and the like. The control logic of thecontroller may be defined by a set of predetermined instructions, suchas a computer program or “fuzzy logic.” The controller may also compriseanalog circuitry in whole or in part.

The probe data link may be configured for operation in conjunction withan associated instrumentation console data link of a console to transferdata between the probe and the console. The probe link may beimplemented in any form now known or later invented utilizing, withoutlimitation, radio frequency (RF), visible light, infra-red light, sonicand ultrasonic links and any conventional type of analog or digitalmodulation including, without limitation, amplitude modulation,frequency modulation, phase shift keying and frequency shift keying.Telecommunication protocols such as the BLUETOOTH® standard aspromulgated by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, Inc. (SIG) may alsobe employed. An example aspect may employ a protocol, such asBLUETOOTH®. Alternatively, a proprietary communication protocol may beutilized.

The handle 102 may include a second mating component 128 for mating withthe first mating component 108 of the detector 104. The second matingcomponent 128 may include mating features that correspond with themating of the first mating component 108, which allow for the detector104 to be removably connected with the handle 102. For example, thesecond mating component 128 may include a projection 130 having a slot132 and a pair of protuberances 134 protruding from the sidewalls thatdefine the slot 132. As best seen in FIG. 3, the projection 114 of thefirst mating component 108 may be sized and shaped to fit within theslot 132 of the second mating component 128. Furthermore, the opposingslots 116 of the first mating component 108 may be sized and shaped toreceive the pair of protuberances 134 of the second mating component128. The slots 116 may serve the function of guiding the protuberances134 as the mating components are mated. The protuberances 118 of thefirst mating component 108 may be further sized to contact and/or matewith the protuberances 134 of the second mating component 128. Forexample, one of or both of protuberances 118, 134 may be spring loadedin a direction toward each other so that the protuberances 118, 134remain in contact during operation. In another aspect, a mechanicalfeature may be used to maintain contact such as a detent mechanicallyreleasable through a trigger. Upon fully mating the first and secondmating components together, the electrical contact 115 of the detector104 is in contact with a corresponding electrical contact in the handle102 thereby providing power and communication with the above-describedcontroller/computer components in the handle. The handle 102 can beunmated with the detector 104 by pulling the detector away from thehandle 102 and reversing the mating steps.

The handle 102 may further include a light emitter 136. The lightemitter may be a single-bound fiber optic cable, for example being madeof a clear plastic such as acrylic plastic. The light may propagatealong and be emitted along the entire length and/or at the opposing end146 of the fiber optic cable. In another aspect, the light emitter 136may be a light emitting diode (LED) at the end 146, with wires extendingback into the handle. In yet another aspect, the light may originatefrom a light source in the handle, and the light emitter 136 may be alight piping material that contains and directs the light through andout the other end of the piping. The handle 102 may include thephoto-electronics used for providing power and controlling the lightemitted by the fiber optic cable/LED. For example, the handle 102 mayfurther include a switch 138 for controlling when light is emitted bylight emitter 136. The switch 138 may be an on/off toggle switch whereeach press of the switch 138 turns the light on or off until pressedagain or it may be a deadman type switch where the light remains offunless the switch 136 is held down by the operator. The light emitter136 may be pivotally coupled to the handle 102 via a pivot point 140.FIG. 4 shows the light emitter 136 in a pivoted position, which isdiscussed in more detail below. The handle 102 may further include alight ring 135. The light ring 135 may be configured to light up inconjunction with operation of the detector when detecting radiation. Thelight ring 135 may provide visual feedback to the operator regarding themeasured counts, which is discussed below in more detail with respect tooperating the probe. The handle 102 may further include a power switch137 for turning on the probe 100 and/or for pairing the probe 100 withthe instrumentation consoles via a wireless connection. The handle mayfurther include flange 133. The function of flange 133 is describedbelow.

The probe 100 may further include a sheath 106. The sheath 106 maygenerally comprise an elongated hollow body 142 that is be shaped andsized to fit around the detector 104. The sheath may comprise arelatively inexpensive sterilizable material, for example, siliconeplastic. Prior to distribution to the operator, the sheath may bepre-sterilized using any suitable sterilizing technique, for example,ethylene oxide (“ETO”) sterilization. A plurality of pre-sterilizedsheaths may be delivered to the operator so that the operator maydispose of the sheath after one-time use, which is explained below withrespect to the operating method. Because the sheaths are pre-sterilized,the operator does not necessarily need to sterilize the detector 104after each use and can simply throw away and use a new sheath for eachdetection. The sheath 106 may have a shape substantially correspondingto and/or congruent with the shape of the detector 104. The insidesurface of the sheath 106 may include a keyway or key (not shown), whilethe outside surface of the detector 104 may have a corresponding keywayor key (not shown) to ensure that the detector 104 can only be insertedinto the sheath 106 in a predetermined proper orientation.

In one example aspect, the sheath 106 may have a sleeve 144 that mayextend along a length of the body 142. The sleeve 144 may have an openfirst end 148 where the light emitter 136 may be inserted, and anopposing open second end 150 for light to exit. The sleeve 144 may havea size and shape corresponding to and/or congruent with the shape of thelight emitter 136, so as to receive the light emitter 136 within thesleeve 144. For example, the light emitter 136 may be inserted into afirst end of the channel 144 of the sheath 106 such that the end 146 ofthe light emitter 136 is located at the open second end 150 of thechannel. The sheath 106 may further include a lip 152 sized and shapedto correspond to the flange 133 of the handle 102. As best seen in FIG.1, the lip 152 may abut against the flange 133 to provide a smoothtransition from the handle 102 to the sheath 106.

FIG. 4 shows a side view of the probe 100 in a pivoted orientation. Inthe orientation shown in FIG. 4, the detector 104 has already beeninserted into the sheath 106. Furthermore, the light emitter 136 hasbeen inserted into the sleeve 144 of the sheath 106. However, as thedetector/sheath combination is in the pivoted position, the detector 104has not yet been coupled with the handle 102. Because the light emitter136 is pivotably connected to the handle 102 via the pivot point 140,and because the light emitter is inserted into the channel 144, thecombined detector/sheath/light emitter 136 is pivotable as unit aboutthe pivot point 140. In this manner, the operator can pivot the combineddetector/sheath/light emitter about the pivot point 140 until thedetector 104 mates with the handle 102, resulting in the orientationshown in FIG. 1.

As discussed above, the detector includes the components needed fordetecting radiation (e.g., crystals), while the handle includes thepower/computer/transmitting components. The detector components areorders of magnitude more expensive than the handle components, which arerelatively inexpensive. Accordingly, because the detector and handle areeasily separated from each other (due to the first and second matingcomponents), the operator may separate the detector form the handle andthen dispose of the handle after each use while keeping the detector foranother use. As noted above, the sheath further allows the operator toalso avoid sterilizing the detector between uses. Thus, the sheath andthe handle may be disposed of after each use.

While the probe 100 has been descried above as having sheath 106, inanother aspect of the present invention, the sheath may be completelyomitted. If the sheath is omitted, the detector 106 may have the channelfor receiving the light emitter 136. In this aspect, the operator wouldgenerally need to sterilize the detector after each use, but would stillbe able to dispose of the handle 102.

FIG. 5 shows a side view of a probe 200 in accordance with other aspectsof the present invention. The probe 200 illustrated in FIG. 5 has thehandle 102 as discussed above, but has a different detector 204. Thedetector 204 is similar to the detector 104 and similar referencenumbers are used to identify similar parts. In particular, the detector204 may generally include an elongated body 220 having a free end 212and an opposing end 210 for connecting to the handle 102. While notshown in FIG. 5, the detector 204 may include the same first matingcomponent as the detector 104 for mating with the second matingcomponent 128 of the handle 102 in the same manner as described above.Furthermore, the detector 204 may include internal components to allowfor detecting radiation, similar to those of detector 104. The detector204 is relatively longer and has a smaller diameter tip as compared tothe detector 104, which makes it suitable for radiation detection ofother area of the body and for different clinical applications. That is,different sized and shaped dips may be desirable depending on theparticular application. As shown in FIG. 5, a longer light emitter 236may also be used. While not shown, the same sheath concept describedabove with respect to detector 104 may be implemented with respect todetector 204. However, the sheath suitable for the detector 204 would besized and shaped to fit the detector 204 (e.g., the sheath would belonger and have a smaller diameter at the tip).

FIG. 6 shows a side view of a probe 300 in accordance with other aspectsof the present invention. The probe 300 illustrated in FIG. 6 has thesame handle 102 as discussed above, but has a different detector 304.The detector 304 is similar to the detector 104 and similar referencenumbers are used to identify similar parts. In particular, the detector304 may generally include an elongated body 320 having a free end 312and an opposing end 310 for connecting to the handle 102. While notshown in FIG. 5, the detector 304 may include the same first matingcomponent as the detector 104 for mating with the second matingcomponent 128 of the handle 102 in the same manner as described abovewith respect to detector 104. Furthermore, the detector 304 may includeinternal components to allow for detecting radiation, similar to thoseof detector 104. The detector 304 has an angled tip as compared to thedetector 104, which makes it suitable for radiation detection of otherareas of the body and other applications. As shown in FIG. 6, the lightemitter 136 may also be used. While not shown, the same sheath conceptdescribed above with respect to detector 104 may be implemented withrespect to detector 304. However, the sheath suitable for the detector304 would be sized and shaped to fit the detector 304 (e.g., would havean angled tip, among other features).

FIG. 7 shows an exploded view of another example probe 400 having ahandle 402, a detector 404, and a sheath 406. The handle 402 is similarto the handle 102 discussed above and similar components have been givensimilar reference numbers. The handle 402 may generally comprise a body422 having a free end 424 and an opposing end 426 for connecting to thedetector 404. The handle 402 may generally include the electrical andcomputer components of the system to provide power to the detector 404and to communicate with an instrumentation console. The handle 402 maysimilarly include a light button 438 and a power/wireless pairing button437. The handle 402 may include all the same internal parts as discussedabove with respect to handle 102. While the details are not viewable inFIG. 7, the handle may have a second mating component 428 that isconfigured to mate with the first mating component 408 of the detector404.

The detector 404 is similar to the detector 104 and similar referencenumbers are used to identify similar parts. In particular, the detector404 may generally include an elongated body 420 having a free end 412and an opposing end 410 for connecting to a handle. The detector 404 mayinclude a first mating component 408 for mating with the second matingcomponent 428 of the handle 402. As shown in FIG. 7, the first matingcomponent 408 may have ribs 416 that mate with the second matingcomponent 428 of the handle 402. The first mating component 408 mayfurther include an electrical connection component 418 for mating withan electrical part of the handle 402. While the details of the secondmating component 428 are not shown, the elements of the first matingcomponent 408 would each mate with a corresponding part of the secondmating component 428 of the handle 402, which would provide structuralsupport and an electrical connection with the detector 404. As alsoshown in FIG. 7, the detector 404 may include a light emitter 436, whichwould be powered upon connection to the handle 402. The detector 404 maybe coupled with the handle by pressing the first mating component 408linearly into the second mating component 428 of the handle 402. As thelight emitter 436 is not attached to the handle via a pivot point in theembodiment of FIG. 7, the detector 404 would not pivot about a pivotpoint. The detector 404 may further include a flange 414 for mating asheath.

As shown in FIG. 7, the probe 400 may further include a sheath 406. Thesheath 406 may generally comprise an elongated hollow body 442 that isbe shaped and sized to fit around the detector 404. The sheath 406 mayhave a sleeve 444 that may extend along a length of the body 442. Thesleeve 444 may have an open first end 448 where the light emitter 436may be inserted, and an opposing open second end 450 for light to exit.The sheath may further include a lip 452 for resting against the flange414 of the detector 404 once the detector 404 is inserted into thesheath 406. The sheath 406 may be pre-sterilized and be made of the samematerials as discussed above with respect to sheath 106. The same typeof detectors shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 (e.g., small tip and angled tip) mayalso be implemented as well, the only difference being that thedetectors would have the first mating component shown in FIG. 7 to matewith the handle 402 instead of the first mating component that mateswith handle 102.

Operation of the probes will now be described in accordance with variousaspects of the present invention. Prior to the start of a radiationdetecting procedure, the operator may select at least a disposablehandle (e.g., one of handle 102 or handle 402) and a correspondingdetector (e.g., one of detector 104, detector 204, detector 304,detector 404 or any detector that mates with the handle and is suitablefor the procedure). If the operator is not using a pre-sterilizeddisposable sheath, then the operator may proceed to mate the handle withthe detector via the first and second mating components. For the probeshown in FIGS. 1-6, the mating may be achieved by pivoting the detectorabout the pivot point until the first and second mating components aremated. For the probe shown in FIG. 7, mating may be achieved byinserting the detector along a central longitudinal axis of the handleuntil the first and second mating components are mated. Once mated, thedevice is ready for use. In the instance where the operator is not usinga sheath, the detector would need to be sterilized following each use.If the operator wishes to avoid sterilizing the detector, then theoperator may first select the sheath corresponding to the selecteddetector (e.g., sheath 106, sheath 406 or any other sheath that fitsaround the selected detector). The operator may insert the selecteddetector into the sheath either prior to or after mating the detectorwith the handle. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6, the light emitter mayfirst be inserted into the channel of the sheath and then the detectormay be inserted into the sheath. Notably, because the handle connects toa variety of detectors (due to the first mating component of eachdetector being the same and each being matable with the second matingcomponent of the handle), the operator does not need to find aparticular handle for each use, and only has to choose the correctdetector.

Once mated, with or without the sheath, the operator may then operatethe device to detect radiation. The operation of the device may includeusing the instrumentation console and system operation described inprevious paragraphs and shown in the corresponding figures of U.S. Pat.App. No. 2009/0326371, “Surgical Probe Apparatus and System”, which ishereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. The system mayinclude an instrumentation console having an integral instrumentationconsole data link (preferably wireless), a display, a universalasynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART), a receiver, a signalprocessor, a power supply, and a power input. The integralinstrumentation console wireless data link (hereinafter termed “consolelink”) may be integral to, and contained by, a housing of the console.The console link may be configured for operation in conjunction with theprobe link to transfer data between the probe and the instrumentationconsole. The console link may be implemented in any form now known orlater invented utilizing, without limitation, radio frequency (RF),visible light, infra-red light, sonic and ultrasonic links and anyconventional type of analog or digital modulation including, withoutlimitation, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase shiftkeying and frequency shift keying. Telecommunication protocols, such asthe BLUETOOTH® standard as promulgated by the Bluetooth Special InterestGroup, Inc. (SIG) may also be employed. A standard Serial Port Protocol(SPP) software package may also be included with the console link.Alternatively, a proprietary communication protocol may be utilized.

The UART may be a data communication interface and converter. The UARTmay convert data received by the console link to a serial data streamand may forward the serial data stream to receiver. Likewise, serialdata generated by the receiver may be forwarded to the console link viathe UART, and converted to another data format for transmission to theprobe via the probe and console links. The serial data stream employedin conjunction with the UART may be configured in an ElectronicIndustries Alliance (EIA) serial data format, such as RS-232, RS-422 andRS-485, or may be a proprietary format. The receiver may receive theserial data stream from the UART and may convert the serial data streamto electrical display signals having predetermined voltage, current andfrequency values, corresponding to the content of the data stream.Electrical display signals may be coupled to the display.

The receiver may include a digital microprocessor-based control portionconfigured to operate according to predetermined control logic toprovide control signals for controlling the operation of theinstrumentation console. Alternatively, the receiver may comprise othertypes of digital-based architectures utilizing, for example, a computer,microcontroller, programmable logic device and the like. The controllogic of the receiver may be defined by a set of predeterminedinstructions, such as a computer program or “fuzzy logic.” In stillother aspects, the receiver may be partially or wholly comprised ofanalog circuitry. The receiver may incorporate, without limitation, anyor all of the gamma detection features discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,732,704, 6,144,876, 6,259,095, and 6,272,373 the entire contents ofeach of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

The signal processor may be configured to execute functions relating toanalyzing, interpreting and manipulating the serial gamma data.Functions executed by signal processor may include, without limitation,filtering, smoothing, noise reduction and thresholding. For example, thesignal processor may be adjusted by a user of the system to set athreshold value of the gamma data, such that data having a value belowthe select threshold may be ignored by the receiver and not provided tothe display in the form of electrical display signals. A dynamic pitchmode may be selected wherein a baseline value may be stored and used asa threshold. Alternatively, a binary pitch mode may be selected whereina baseline value may be stored for comparison, to determine whether adifference in detected radioactivity between a reference (such asbackground tissue) and a radiation source (such as target tissue) isstatistically significant. The signal processor may be configured foruse with analog or digital signals, or both.

The display may receive the electrical display signals and may convertthe display signals into a visually perceivable indication correspondingto the data stream. The display may be any type of visual display nowknown or later developed including, without limitation, cathode raytubes, fixed-format liquid crystal displays, plasma displays, activematrix liquid crystal displays and light emitting diode displays. Thedisplay may be monochromatic, color or a combination thereof, and mayinclude a backlight.

The instrumentation console may optionally include an aural outputsubsystem configured to generate an aural signal corresponding to thegamma data in a predetermined manner. For example, the frequency and/oramplitude of the aural signal may be made proportional to a gamma countcorresponding to the low-level electrical signal generated by thedetector.

In operation, the detector of the probe may be electrically biased bybias voltage coupled thereto. Gamma radiation emitted from a source ofphoton emission radiation may impinge upon the detector, causing thedetector to generate a low level electrical signal corresponding topredetermined characteristics of the detected gamma radiation, such asthe number of photon impingements or radiation count (hereinaftergenerally termed “gamma data”). The preamplifier may receive and amplifylow-level electrical signal generated by the detector into acorresponding output electrical signal of greater amplitude, the outputelectrical signal likewise corresponding to and representing the gammadata. The controller may receive the gamma data from the preamplifiervia the output electrical signal. The controller converts the gamma datato a “message” having a predetermined analog and/or digital format, themessage containing information relating to the gamma data in saidformat. The message may be periodically transmitted as a component of aprobe output signal transmitted by the probe link to the console link.In one aspect of the present invention, the message may be transmittedabout every fifty milliseconds. The message may contain a starttransmission character, a message type character, the gamma data (twobytes), and a checksum byte (summing all other message bytes), forexample. The probe output signal may also include error correction andautomatic re-transmission capability to ensure the quality of the datatransmission. If BLUETOOTH® technology is employed, the link may includea frequency hopping technique to avoid interference with other wirelessdevices.

A self-correction scheme is preferred for the probe output signal. Ifthe probe output signal lacks such self-correction, a stronger messagecheck such as a 16-bit cyclic redundancy check, or CRC may be used.Furthermore, if the probe output signal lacks automatic re-transmission,a bidirectional transmitter-receiver handshake scheme may be utilizedwherein a console output signal issued wirelessly by the console linktransmits a confirmation message to the probe link, the confirmationmessage being forwarded to the controller by the probe link forerror-checking comparison with the message. The console link may forwardthe message to the UART, which may convert the message into serialformat and may forward the message to the receiver. The receiver mayvalidate the message using a checksum byte. Once the message isvalidated, the received gamma data may be compared against the lastcounter value and a difference may be calculated. Any 16-bit counteroverflow may also be taken into account. If the gamma data is in theform of an absolute gamma count, a difference calculation may bedesirable.

The gamma count value may be synchronized to a highly accurate internalfive millisecond time interval by the receiver, each time interval beingtermed a “bin.” This synchronization has the goal of accomplishing astable, accurate gamma data count provided to the display in the form ofelectrical display signals, the electrical display signals beingconverted by the display to a corresponding visually perceivable imagerepresentative of the gamma data. Incoming gamma data values may beaveraged by the receiver over the next ten “bins” to derive a smoothedgamma data count. The smoothing operation may be preferably configuredso that it does not add or remove any gamma counts to the resultingvalues.

If there is loss of information (e.g., loss of messages due to wirelessdevice being out of range, transmitter being turned off, or wirelessinterference malfunction), the gamma data values displayed by thedisplay may be set to zero. If no messages are detected for apredetermined minimum period of time, such as for five seconds, thereceiver may determine that the probe output signal has been lost andmay provide predetermined electrical display signals to the display,such that the display visually indicates this condition to a user of thesystem in a predetermined manner, such as with a “NO SIGNAL”annunciation.

In some aspects, the receiver may be coupled to the signal processor.The signal processor may be configured to execute some or all of thepreviously noted functions relating to analyzing, interpreting andmanipulating the serial gamma data. In some aspects, the aural outputsubsystem may be used in conjunction with, or instead of, the display.The aural output subsystem may be configured to generate an aural signalcorresponding to the gamma data in a predetermined manner. For example,the frequency and/or amplitude of the aural signal may be proportionalto the gamma count.

FIG. 8 shows an example instrumentation console 500 having a graphicaluser interface 501 which may be used in conjunction with above-describedsystem. The graphical user interface may be implemented on a touchscreen device or any other display console/monitor which allows foroperator interaction via input-output devices, such as a mouse andkeyboard, for example. The graphical user interface 501 may include aprobe indicator 502 which indicates to the user which type of detectoris currently in communication with the system. For example, as shown inFIG. 8, the probe indicator 502 may include a visual representation ofeach type of detector, where the particular probe currently incommunication with the system may be emphasized. In the example shown inFIG. 8, the 11 mm detector/probe is lit up, indicating that it iscurrently in use. The system may be configured so that part of theinformation being sent to the system from the probe may include anindication on which detector is being used, so that the graphical userinterface can automatically indicate to the user which probe is beingused. In another aspect, the system may allow the user to select whichprobe is being used such as by pressing the respective image on thetouch screen. The probe indicator 502 may also be color coded to match acolor indicator on the detector 104. The detector may have a ring have apredetermined color (e.g., one of yellow, blue, red, green, etc.) andthe system may be configured such that the visual representation of thatsame detector on the display has the same color. The system may beprogrammed to have all the information necessary for each type ofproblem. For example, if detector type one has a yellow color ring, theoperator can simply select the yellow detector image or yellow button onthe display and the system will automatically select the proper settingsnecessary for that particular detector.

In this manner, instead of the operator needing to adjust the settingseach time, a setup corresponding to the particular probe (e.g., theprobe with yellow marking) can be saved for a given application.Furthermore, the system may allow for multiple probes to be incommunication with the system at a given time, and the system may beconfigured so that when the operator picks up one of the probes incommunication with the system, the image corresponding to the probecurrently being held by the user may be emphasized on the graphical userinterface 501.

The graphical user interface 501 may further include a selectabledynamic pitch range indicator 504, which may be selectable manually,automatically, or otherwise. The scale is set according to the usualprocedure in the art based on the range in which the device will beoperating. For example, if the operating area is 20,000 counts persecond and the scale were set to 100, then measured readout would notwork because the reading would be many times higher than the scale.Rather, the scale should be set higher so that the readings fall closerto the middle of the scale. As shown in FIG. 8, the selectable range maybe displayed in terms of a bar with tick marks, each tick mark beinglabeled with a gamma count value associated with the tick mark. In theexample shown in FIG. 8, the selectable gamma count range 504 includesfour tick marks indicating 100, 1000, 10000, and 50000. In the example,the 1000 gamma count has been selected as indicated by the “count” boxbeing located next to the 1000 tick mark.

The graphical user interface 501 may further include both a graphicaland/or numerical representation of the gamma data being detected by theprobe. For example, the graphical user interface 501 may include anumerical representation of the currently measured counts per second 506above a numerical representation of the target counts per second 508,and a graphical representation 510 of the currently measured counts persecond. The graphical representation 510 shows the operator how closethe readings are to the top of the range. The graphical representation510 may be in the form of a color-coded graph where the entire length ofthe graph corresponds to the target count (e.g., corresponds tonumerical target count 508), and a portion of the graph lit up orcolored corresponds to the measured count (e.g., corresponds to thenumerical measure count 506). In this manner, the graphicalrepresentation 510 provides a quickly perceivable visual indication ofhow close the count is to the target, while the numericalrepresentations 506, 508 provide an indication of the specific value ofthe measured count compared to the specific value of the target count.In another aspect, the handle 102 may include a built in display thatincludes the same graphical and/or numerical representation on theconsole 500. The display on the handle maybe an alternative to or inaddition to the display on the console 500.

The graphical user interface 501 may further include a user selectablevolume range 512. The user may select the volume by pressing the “plus”or “minus” symbol or by dragging the volume indicator bar. The system myimplement sounds that such as frequency of beeps or other noises toindicate how high the reading. For example, slower frequency beeping orother noises may indicate lower readings and faster frequency of beepingor other noises may indicate higher readings, similar to a Geigercounter. The system may further include other audio cues, such as thestart and competition of a scans. In all cases the audio may be in theform of beeps or other noises or also spoken language. In addition to oras an alternative to audio cues, the light ring 135 may be used tocommunicate the reading to the operator. For example, instead of or inaddition to the frequency of beeps increasing with higher readings, thelight ring 135 may pulse on/off at a higher frequency with higherreadings and pulse on/off at a lower frequency with lower readings. Inanother aspect, the light ring may become brighter or dimmer instead ofpulsing on/off. In yet another aspect, the light ring may be configuredto change color to correspond with the reading. Thus, the light ring 135may provide similar information regarding count readings withoutrequiring the operator to look at the display. Furthermore, in additionto the audio and or visual feedback, haptic feedback may also beimplemented in combination with or as an alternative to the otherfeedback. For example, the handle may include a vibrating motor similarto what is found in cell phones and other products in which tactilefeedback is implemented. The motor may include an off-centered weightattached to the motor's rotational shaft that causes the motor towobble. The amount of wobble depends by the amount of weight attached,the weight's distance from the shaft, and the speed at which the motorspins. Any suitable known tactile feedback motor system may beimplemented. The motor may be configured to increase intensity ofvibration with increasing count measurements. Thus, the motor can alsoprovide similar information to the user as the display, the audio, orthe light ring.

Once the operator has completed the detection procedure, the operatormay then proceed to separating the components and disposing of thedisposable components. The detector may be removed from handle byreversing the mating process described above. For the probes of FIGS.1-6, the user may apply a pivoting motion of the detector away from thehandle which may cause decoupling of the first mating component of thedetector from the second mating component of the handle. Once decoupled,the user may then pull the light emitter out of the sheath, if thesheath is present or out of the channel of the detector, if no sheath ispresent. Once completely separated, the user may dispose of the handle(e.g., place the handle in a waste receptacle) as it contains parts thatare disposable and/or relatively inexpensive. If a sheath is present,the operator may remove the sheath from surrounding the detector anddispose of the sheath (e.g., place the sheath in a waste receptacle). Atthis point, the detector may be kept for later use and may be easilyreused by placing a fresh sterilized sheath around the detector andcoupling the detector with a new sterile handle. If no sheath was used,the operator may sterilize the detector before it is used with a freshhandle.

FIG. 9 presents an exemplary system diagram of various hardwarecomponents and other features, for use in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention. The present invention may be implemented usinghardware, software, or a combination thereof and may be implemented inone or more computer systems or other processing systems. In one aspect,the invention is directed toward one or more computer systems capable ofcarrying out the functionality described herein. An example of such acomputer system 900 is shown in FIG. 9.

Computer system 900 includes one or more processors, such as processor904. The processor 904 is connected to a communication infrastructure906 (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network). Varioussoftware aspects are described in terms of this exemplary computersystem. After reading this description, it will become apparent to aperson skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the inventionusing other computer systems and/or architectures.

Computer system 900 can include a display interface 902 that forwardsgraphics, text, and other data from the communication infrastructure 906(or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on a display unit 930.Computer system 900 also includes a main memory 908, preferably randomaccess memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 910. Thesecondary memory 910 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 912and/or a removable storage drive 914, representing a floppy disk drive,a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, etc. The removable storagedrive 914 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 918 in awell-known manner. Removable storage unit 918, represents a floppy disk,magnetic tape, optical disk, etc., which is read by and written toremovable storage drive 914. As will be appreciated, the removablestorage unit 918 includes a computer usable storage medium having storedtherein computer software and/or data.

In alternative aspects, secondary memory 910 may include other similardevices for allowing computer programs or other instructions to beloaded into computer system 900. Such devices may include, for example,a removable storage unit 922 and an interface 920. Examples of such mayinclude a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that foundin video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an erasableprogrammable read only memory (EPROM), or programmable read only memory(PROM)) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 922 andinterfaces 920, which allow software and data to be transferred from theremovable storage unit 922 to computer system 900.

Computer system 900 may also include a communications interface 924.Communications interface 924 allows software and data to be transferredbetween computer system 900 and external devices. Examples ofcommunications interface 924 may include a modem, a network interface(such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a Personal ComputerMemory Card International Association (PCMCIA) slot and card, etc.Software and data transferred via communications interface 924 are inthe form of signals 928, which may be electronic, electromagnetic,optical or other signals capable of being received by communicationsinterface 924. These signals 928 are provided to communicationsinterface 924 via a communications path (e.g., channel) 926. This path926 carries signals 928 and may be implemented using wire or cable,fiber optics, a telephone line, a cellular link, a radio frequency (RF)link and/or other communications channels. In this document, the terms“computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to refergenerally to media such as a removable storage drive 980, a hard diskinstalled in hard disk drive 970, and signals 928. These computerprogram products provide software to the computer system 900. Theinvention is directed to such computer program products.

Computer programs (also referred to as computer control logic) arestored in main memory 908 and/or secondary memory 910. Computer programsmay also be received via communications interface 924. Such computerprograms, when executed, enable the computer system 900 to perform thefeatures of the present invention, as discussed herein. In particular,the computer programs, when executed, enable the processor 910 toperform the features of the present invention. Accordingly, suchcomputer programs represent controllers of the computer system 900.

In an aspect where the invention is implemented using software, thesoftware may be stored in a computer program product and loaded intocomputer system 900 using removable storage drive 914, hard drive 912,or communications interface 920. The control logic (software), whenexecuted by the processor 904, causes the processor 904 to perform thefunctions of the invention as described herein. In another aspect, theinvention is implemented primarily in hardware using, for example,hardware components, such as application specific integrated circuits(ASICs). Implementation of the hardware state machine so as to performthe functions described herein will be apparent to persons skilled inthe relevant art(s).

In yet another aspect, the invention is implemented using a combinationof both hardware and software.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of various exemplary system components, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention. FIG. 6 shows acommunication system 1000 usable in accordance with the presentinvention. The communication system 1000 includes one or more accessors1060, 1062 (also referred to interchangeably herein as one or more“users”) and one or more terminals 1042, 1066. In one aspect, data foruse in accordance with the present invention is, for example, inputand/or accessed by accessors 1060, 1062 via terminals 1042, 1066, suchas personal computers (PCs), minicomputers, mainframe computers,microcomputers, telephonic devices, or wireless devices, such aspersonal digital assistants (“PDAs”) or a hand-held wireless devicescoupled to a server 1043, such as a PC, minicomputer, mainframecomputer, microcomputer, or other device having a processor and arepository for data and/or connection to a repository for data, via, forexample, a network 1044, such as the Internet or an intranet, andcouplings 1045, 1046, 1064. The couplings 1045, 1046 and 1064 include,for example, wired, wireless, or fiberoptic links. In another aspect,the method and system of the present invention operate in a stand-aloneenvironment, such as on a single terminal.

While example probes have been discussed above, it should be understoodthat other medical tools/functions may be implemented. For example theprobes may include a cauterizing tip. A cauterizing tip would allow theoperator to perform a cauterization while the probe is being used tolocate a lymph node. That is, once the operator has found a radioactivelymph node using the probe, the operator can excise the node use thecauterizing tip. In another example aspect, the probe could include amarking device to mark the node. For example, the tip could include anink releasing device that allows the operator to mark the radioactivenode once found using the probe.

While this invention has been described in conjunction with the exampleaspects outlined above, various alternatives, modifications, variations,improvements, and/or substantial equivalents, whether known or that areor may be presently unforeseen, may become apparent to those having atleast ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the example aspects of theinvention, as set forth above, are intended to be illustrative, notlimiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is intended toembrace all known or later-developed alternatives, modifications,variations, improvements, and/or substantial equivalents.

1. A hand-held probe including: a detector having a first matingcomponent and being configured to generate a low-level electrical signalrelating to a radiation source proximate the detector; and a handlecomprising a second mating component configured to removably mate withthe first mating component such that the handle is removably coupleablewith the detector.
 2. The hand-held probe of claim 1, wherein the handlefurther comprises: a power source, wherein the power source providespower to the detector when the second mating component is mated with thefirst mating component.
 3. The hand-held probe of claim 1, furthercomprising: a sheath configured to receive the detector therein.
 4. Thehand-held probe of claim 3, further comprising: a light emitterelectrically connected to the handle, wherein the sheath comprises apassageway for receiving the light emitter.
 5. The hand-held probe ofclaim 1, wherein the detector comprises: a stacked crystal array andwherein the stacked crystal array comprises: a plurality of crystalslices; a plurality of interconnects having electrically conductive,spaced-apart and generally parallel elements joined by electricallyconductive spacers extending generally orthogonally therebetween, thespacers being rotationally offset from each other by a predeterminedangle; a plurality of electrical insulators; and an electricallyinsulative housing having a plurality of slots, the crystal slices,insulators and interconnects being arranged to form an assembly whereinthe crystal slices are coupled together in a parallel electricalcircuit, the assembly being inserted into the housing with each of thespacers being located in corresponding slots of the housing.
 6. Asystem, comprising: a hand-held probe including: a detector having afirst mating component and being configured to generate a low-levelelectrical signal relating to a radiation source proximate the detector;and a handle comprising: a second mating component configured toremovably mate with the first mating component such that the handle isremovably connectable with the detector; a probe link configured totransmit a message containing gamma data relating to the low-levelelectrical signal; and an instrumentation console including: a housing;a console link within the housing and configured to receive the messagetransmitted by the probe link; a receiver electrically coupled to theconsole link to convert the message to corresponding electrical displaysignals, and a visually perceivable display electrically coupled to thereceiver to convert the electrical display signals to a visuallyperceivable display relating to the amount of radiation detected.
 7. Thesystem of claim 6, wherein the detector comprises a stacked crystalarray and wherein the stacked crystal array comprises: a plurality ofcrystal slices; a plurality of interconnects having electricallyconductive, spaced-apart and generally parallel elements joined byelectrically conductive spacers extending generally orthogonallytherebetween, the spacers being rotationally offset from each other by apredetermined angle; a plurality of electrical insulators; and anelectrically insulative housing having a plurality of slots, the crystalslices, insulators and interconnects being arranged to form an assemblywherein the crystal slices are coupled together in a parallel electricalcircuit, the assembly being inserted into the housing with each of thespacers being located in corresponding slots of the housing.
 8. Thesystem of claim 7, wherein the plurality of crystal slices is made fromcadmium zinc tellurium.
 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the detectoris a scintillating device.
 10. A method of conducting radioimmunoguidedsurgery comprising: providing a detector having a first mating componentand being configured to generate a low-level electrical signal relatingto a radiation source proximate the detector; providing a handlecomprising a second mating component configured to removeably mate withthe first mating component such that the handle is removeablyconnectable with the detector; and coupling the detector with the handleby mating the first mating component with the second mating component.